Evaluation of Clinical Utility and Sample Types for Emerging Specific and Direct Alcohol Biomarkers for the Detection of Alcohol Use History among Prospective Blood Donors: A Theoretical Review
Jacques Forwah Ndeh *
Department of Hematology and Blood Transfusion Sciences, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria.
Ushie Godwin Abua
Department of Hematology and Blood Transfusion Sciences, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria.
Edung Emem Samuel
Emergency Department, Basildon and Thurock University Hospital London NHS Trust, United Kingdom.
Ogochukwu Chinwoke Etoniru
Department of Psychiatry, Priory Hospital Barnt Green Brimingham, United Kingdom.
Chukuamaka Iweze Ifukor
Department of Internal Medicine, Lakeland Specialist Clinic, Warri Nigeria /Glasgow Caledonian University, United Kingdom.
Chiamaka Vianney Ndimele
Department of Internal Medicine, York and Scarborough Teaching Hospital NHS foundation Trust York, United Kingdom.
Edung Catherine
Department Clinical MCB, Cerba Lancet Africa Lagos, Nigeria.
Worship Tega Ewhrudjakpor
Department- General Medicine, York and Scarborough Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom.
Akpojovwo Esther Ufuomanefe
Department of Family Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria.
Chinedum Sam Iheukwumere
Department of General Medicine, York and Scarborough Teaching Hospitals NHS foundation Trust Scarborough, United Kingdom.
Aishatu Omoragbon
Department of Family Medicine, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia.
Abayomi Oluwatobi Opadijo
Department of Surgery, Goring Hall Hospital, Goring by Sea, Worthing, United Kingdom.
Felix Nsofor
Outpatient Department/ ART Unit Achieving Health Nigeria Initiative, Uyo Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.
Ibuje Taghogho Emuobo
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Calabar Teaching Hospital Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria.
Amahan Anne
Department of Community Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria.
Kelechi Chukwuemeka Nwaozuzu
Department of Medicine, St joseph Catholic hospital Asaba Delta State, Nigeria.
Ekwueme Michael Chibueze
Department Internal Medicine, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria.
Kunna Ugaliegbulam
Aneurin Bevan University Health Board, Wales, United Kingdom.
Chuba Ifedigbo
Aneurin Bevan University Health Board, Wales, United Kingdom.
Edeani Bobby David
Department of Radiation, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Ituku –Ozalla, Enugu State, Nigeria.
Ewa Anthony Obi
Department of Family Medicine, University of Calabar Teaching Hospital Calabar, Cross River State Nigeria.
Etukemo Ubong Amos
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria.
Idiege Idiege Omang
Department of Surgery, University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria.
Ofonime Benjamin Essien
Department of Hematology and Blood Transfusion Sciences, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria.
Ngha James Ngah
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria.
Ofor Joshua Obase-Otumoyi
Department of Public Health National Open University, Lagos State, Nigeria.
Immaculate Ihuoma Ekeagba
Worcaccce Union Group Integrated Healthcare Sciences, Technological Development and Training and Innovative Research Foundation (WUGIHSTTAIRF), P.O Box 45 Bamenda, North West Region, Cameroon.
Akpojivi Bridget Ejiroghene
Department Clinical MCB, Cerba Lancet Africa Lagos, Nigeria.
Joel Danladi Bala
Department of Medicine, NHS Tayside, Dundee, United Kingdom and Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria.
Abeshi Sylvester Etenikang
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
The detection of alcohol use history amongst potential blood donors is crucial to ensure the safety of the blood supply. Traditional laboratory-based testing methods have shown to have some limitations namely lengthy turnaround times and high costs. Emerging direct and specific alcohol biomarkers offer a promising solution for rapid and accurate detection of substances and alcohol use history. This review critically evaluates the current state of emerging specific and direct alcohol biomarkers for detecting alcohol use history amongst potential blood donors. The review also discusses the advantages and limitations of these biomarkers, including their sensitivity, specificity, and potential for false positives and false negatives and the types of sample to be used. In addition, it also examines the potential applications of these biomarkers in blood donation settings, including their potential to improve blood safety and reduce costs. Finally, the review highlights the need for further research and evaluation of these biomarkers to ensure their accuracy and reliability in detecting alcohol use history amongst potential blood donors.
Keywords: Alcohol direct biomarkers, blood donation, alcohol use detection, emerging alcohol biomarkers